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2013 Somalia cyclone
The 2013 Somalia cyclone, officially Deep Depression ARB 01, was the second deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2013 as well as the deadliest to Somalia in history. It formed as a depression in the Arabian Sea on November 8 and made landfall over Puntland as a deep depression on November 11. Although ARB 01 was a weak system, it still killed 162 people across the country while about 300 others were reported missing.
==Meteorological history==
On November 6, 2013, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a broad low-pressure area over the southeastern Arabian Sea. Accompanied by bursting convective activity, the low tracked generally westward over an area slightly favoring tropical cyclogenesis. Moderate wind shear offset the positive effects of upper-level outflow, though high sea surface temperatures aided further development. By November 8, organized banding features wrapped around the northwestern side of a consolidating circulation. Subsequently, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classified the disturbance as Depression ''ARB 01'' at 1000 UTC, making it the first tropical cyclone in the Arabian Sea during 2013. At this time, the depression was located about 680 km (425 mi) east-southeast of Ras Binnah, Somalia. Based on continued development, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert two hours later before declaring the system as Tropical Cyclone 03A at 2100 UTC. A subtropical ridge to the north steered the system on a westward course that would bring it over Somalia in two days. Some limited intensification was anticipated, though it was also noted dissipation before landfall was possible.〔
Early on November 9, an Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit pass of the system revealed a mid-level eye feature, indicative of an intensifying system. However, shallow convection along with scatterometer data showed no strengthening. The IMD assessed the system to have become a deep depression around this time and attained its peak intensity, with three-minute sustained winds of 55 km/h (35 mph) and a barometric pressure of 1002 mbar (hPa; 29.59 inHg). The JTWC estimated the system to have been slightly stronger at its peak, with one-minute sustained winds of 75 km/h (45 mph). Continued moderate wind shear displaced most convection to the northwest of the center of circulation, counteracting the favorable poleward outflow which was enhanced by the mid-latitude westerlies. The shear took its toll by November 10, leaving the storm's center devoid of showers and thunderstorms. More pronounced decay took place later in the day as the storm neared the coastline, with land interaction disrupting the circulation. Between 2300 UTC on November 10 and 0000 UTC on November 11, the deep depression made landfall along the border of the Nugal and Bari regions. Based on estimates from the JTWC, the system became only the fifth known tropical storm to strike the country since 1966, when accurate satellite measurements were started. Retaining some organized convection, the system gradually weakened as it moved inland; it was last noted by the IMD later on November 11 as it neared Ethiopia.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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